{"id":1267,"date":"2025-07-21T12:03:17","date_gmt":"2025-07-21T09:03:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/taifu.dev2.sdhost.eu\/?page_id=1267"},"modified":"2025-07-21T12:26:01","modified_gmt":"2025-07-21T09:26:01","slug":"istoriya-stilya","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/taifu.ee\/ru\/istoriya-stilya\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1267\" class=\"elementor elementor-1267\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11fb0b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b11fb0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1eb8e23 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1eb8e23\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8af2249 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8af2249\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u041e \u0421\u0422\u0418\u041b\u0415<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a614d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a614d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0448\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8242b26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8242b26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d-\u0434\u043e (\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435-\u0434\u043e) \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0428\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d (\u0421\u0451\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d), \u0413\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 (\u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438, 1868\u20131957 \u0433\u0433.)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u044d\u0439\u0434\u0437\u0438 (1868\u20131912) \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u041e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b \u2013 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0421\u044e\u0440\u0438, \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u044f. \u041e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0420\u044e\u043a\u044e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0422\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0438. \u0421 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0446 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435.<\/p><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0421 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f (\u0441 XV \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430) \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0446\u044b, \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b.<\/p><h3><strong>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b\u00a0<strong>\u00ab\u0438\u043a\u043a\u044d\u043d \u0445\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0443\u00bb<\/strong>\u00a0(\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b),\u00a0<strong>\u00ab\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u00bb<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>\u00ab\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb<\/strong>\u00a0\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439.<\/p><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u044e\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u00a0<strong>\u0421\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0430<\/strong>\u00a0\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0443\u00a0<strong>\u0422\u043e\u0434\u044d<\/strong>. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435\u00a0<strong>\u041c\u0430\u0446\u0443\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u041e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0441 1848 \u0433.) \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0443\u00a0<strong>\u0421\u0451\u0440\u0438\u043d-\u0440\u044e \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d<\/strong>. \u0418\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u044b \u00ab\u0421\u0451\u0440\u0438\u043d\u00bb \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e-\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0421\u0451\u0440\u0438\u043d-\u0434\u0437\u0438 \u043a\u044d\u043c\u043f\u043e\u00bb, \u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u00ab\u0428\u0430\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044c-\u0446\u044e\u0430\u043d\u044c\u00bb (\u00ab\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u00bb). \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00a0<strong>\u0421\u0451\u0440\u044d\u0439<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432), \u0432\u00a0<strong>\u0421\u0451\u0440\u0438\u043d-\u0440\u044e<\/strong>\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00a0<strong>\u0421\u044e\u0433\u0451<\/strong>, \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd32a90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cd32a90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-077c677 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"077c677\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-532c6d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"532c6d3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d660c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d660c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>\u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0438<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u0430\u0446\u0443\u043c\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2013\u00a0<strong>\u0410\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0410\u043d\u043a\u043e<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u041e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u00a0<strong>\u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/strong>, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430.<\/p><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0421 1888 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0421\u044e\u0440\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 1890-\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u041d\u0430\u0445\u0443, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0443\u00a0<strong>\u041a\u0438\u044e\u043d\u0430, \u0422\u043e\u043e\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043a\u0443<\/strong>. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b (1902 \u0433.) \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430. \u0421 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00a0<strong>\u0410\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e<\/strong>\u00a0\u0438\u00a0<strong>\u0418\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443<\/strong>\u00a0\u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/p><h3><strong>\u041e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0412 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0438\u00a0<strong>\u0418\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443<\/strong>\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d.<\/p><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0421 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u0430 \u0441 1912-\u0433\u043e \u2013 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e) \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d. \u041a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c\u00a0<strong>\u0422\u043e\u0434\u044d<\/strong>. \u0412 1916 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432\u00a0<strong>\u0411\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0434\u044d\u043d\u0435<\/strong>\u00a0\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 1921-\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u00a0<strong>\u0425\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0442\u043e<\/strong>\u00a0\u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0435 \u0421\u044e\u0440\u0438.<\/p><h3><strong>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0432 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0412 1922 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0422\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043e. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 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\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443\u00a0<strong>\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u041a\u044d\u0439\u043e<\/strong>\u00a0\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0443\u0431 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d, \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u00a0<strong>\u0422\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0412\u0430\u0441\u044d\u0434\u0430, \u0425\u043e\u0441\u044d\u0439<\/strong>\u00a0\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u044b. \u0412 1926 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443\u00a0<strong>\u041a\u044d\u043d\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0438<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u00a0<strong>\u0421\u0438\u0442\u043e-\u0440\u044e<\/strong>) \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0443 \u0432 \u041e\u0441\u0430\u043a\u0435.<\/p><h3><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d-\u0434\u043e<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0412 1929 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d\u00bb: \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444 \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u00bb (\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439) \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u00bb (\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439), \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e\u00a0<strong>\u00ab\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b\u00bb<\/strong>\u00a0\u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0434\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435. \u0412 1935 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0438\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u00a0<strong>\u00ab\u0434\u043e\u00bb<\/strong>\u00a0(\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c), \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00a0<strong>\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d-\u0434\u043e<\/strong>.<\/p><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0412 1936 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0441\u044f\u00a0<strong>\u00ab\u0421\u0451\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u00bb<\/strong>\u00a0(\u00ab\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0451\u0442\u043e\u00bb \u2013 \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438). \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0439\u0446\u044b \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412 1935 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438 (<strong>\u0438\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d-\u0448\u043e\u0431\u0443<\/strong>), \u043d\u043e \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b: \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438.<\/p><h3><strong>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/strong><\/h3><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0441\u044b\u043d \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u2013\u00a0<strong>\u0401\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 (\u0413\u0438\u0433\u043e)<\/strong>. \u041e\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u00a0<strong>\u0422\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0451\u043a\u0443-\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/strong>, \u0432\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c (<strong>\u043c\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0438-\u0433\u044d\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0437\u0451\u0434\u0430\u043d<\/strong>) \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438\u00a0<strong>\u0422\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0437\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0435<\/strong>\u00a0\u0438\u00a0<strong>\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0443 \u041e\u044f\u043c\u0430<\/strong>\u00a0(\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u00a0<strong>\u041a\u0451\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0439<\/strong>).<\/p><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b (1945) \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0438 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 (<strong>\u041d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043c\u0430, \u041e\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/strong>) \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d-\u0434\u043e.<\/p><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d<\/strong>\u00a0\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 1957 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u043e\u00a0<strong>\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong>.<\/p><blockquote><p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><em>\u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044d \u2013 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430.\u00bb<\/em><br \/><strong>\u2013 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Integer at faucibus urna. Nullam condimentum leo id elit sagittis auctor. 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